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he remained firm

  • 1 firm

    I fə:m adjective
    1) ((fixed) strong and steady: a firm handshake.) firme, sólido
    2) (decided; not changing one's mind: a firm refusal.) firme
    •

    II fə:m noun
    (a business company: an engineering firm.) empresa
    firm1 adj firme
    firm2 n empresa / firma
    tr[fɜːm]
    1 (strong, solid, steady) firme, sólido,-a
    2 (definite, not changing) firme, en firme
    3 (strict, strong) duro,-a
    4 SMALLFINANCE/SMALL (steady) firme, estable
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be on firm ground estar seguro,-a
    ————————
    tr[fɜːm]
    1 (business) empresa
    firm ['fərm] vi
    : endurecer
    firm adj
    1) vigorous: fuerte, vigoroso
    2) solid, unyielding: firme, duro, sólido
    3) unchanging: firme, inalterable
    4) resolute: firme, resuelto
    firm n
    : empresa f, firma f, compañía f
    adj.
    • duro, -a adj.
    • en firme adj.
    • fijo, -a adj.
    • firme adj.
    • fuerte adj.
    • inmoble adj.
    • sólido, -a adj.
    • tenaz adj.
    • tieso, -a adj.
    n.
    • comercio s.m.
    • empresa s.f.
    • firma s.f.
    • sociedad s.f.
    v.
    • poner firme v.

    I fɜːrm, fɜːm
    1)
    a) ( secure) < grasp> firme
    b) ( not yielding) <surface/muscles> firme; < mattress> duro; < foundation> sólido
    c) ( not declining) <currency/market> firme, fuerte
    2)
    a) ( steadfast) < friendship> sólido; < support> firme
    b) ( strict) estricto, firme

    to take a firm line o stand on something — ponerse* firme sobre algo

    3) ( definite) <offer/date> en firme

    II
    noun empresa f, firma f, compañía f

    III
    transitive verb firm (up) \<\<muscles\>\> endurecer*
    Phrasal Verbs:

    I [fɜːm]
    1. ADJ
    (compar firmer) (superl firmest)
    1) (=solid) [base] firme, sólido; [mattress, stomach, thighs] duro; (=secure) [hold] firme, seguro

    to be on firm ground — (fig) pisar terreno firme

    2) (=staunch) [belief, support] firme; [friends] íntimo; [friendship] sólido

    she's a firm believer in justice/discipline — cree firmemente en la justicia/la disciplina

    3) (=resolute, decisive) [decision, measures] firme; [voice] seguro, firme; [steps] decidido, resuelto
    4) (=severe) estricto, firme

    to be firm with sb — ser estricto or firme con algn

    a firm hand: this horse needs a firm hand — a este caballo hay que tratarlo con firmeza

    5) (=definite) [offer, order] en firme; [evidence] concluyente, contundente
    6) (=set) firme
    7) (Econ) (=not subject to change) [price] estable
    2.
    ADV

    II
    [fɜːm]
    N firma f, empresa f

    a firm of accountants — una firma or empresa de contabilidad

    * * *

    I [fɜːrm, fɜːm]
    1)
    a) ( secure) < grasp> firme
    b) ( not yielding) <surface/muscles> firme; < mattress> duro; < foundation> sólido
    c) ( not declining) <currency/market> firme, fuerte
    2)
    a) ( steadfast) < friendship> sólido; < support> firme
    b) ( strict) estricto, firme

    to take a firm line o stand on something — ponerse* firme sobre algo

    3) ( definite) <offer/date> en firme

    II
    noun empresa f, firma f, compañía f

    III
    transitive verb firm (up) \<\<muscles\>\> endurecer*
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > firm

  • 2 firm

    Ⅰ.
    firm1 [fɜ:m]
    (company) entreprise f; (of solicitors) étude f; (of lawyers, barristers, consultants) cabinet m;
    ∎ it's a good firm to work for cette entreprise est un bon employeur
    Ⅱ.
    firm2
    (a) (solid, hard → flesh, fruit, mattress etc) ferme;
    ∎ on firm ground sur la terre ferme; figurative sur un terrain solide;
    ∎ I'm on firmer ground when it comes to the marketing side je suis plus à mon affaire pour ce qui touche au marketing
    (b) (stable, secure → basis) solide; (→ foundations) stable; Commerce & Finance (→ currency, market) stable; (→ offer, sale, deal) ferme; (→ contango rates) tendu;
    ∎ these shares remain firm at 370p ces actions se maintiennent à 370 pence;
    ∎ the dollar remained firm against the yen le dollar est resté fort contre le yen
    (c) (strong → handshake, grip, leadership) ferme;
    ∎ to have a firm hold or grasp or grip of sth tenir qch fermement
    (d) (unshakeable, definite → belief, evidence, friendship) solide; (→ view, opinion) déterminé, arrêté; (→ intention, voice, agreement, offer) ferme; (→ date) définitif;
    ∎ they are firm friends ce sont de bons amis;
    ∎ he was very firm about this il a été très ferme à ce propos;
    ∎ she gave a firm denial elle a nié fermement;
    ∎ a firm favourite for the Derby/with the crowd un grand favori dans le Derby/auprès de la foule;
    ∎ I am a firm believer in female equality je crois fermement à l'égalité de la femme;
    ∎ to be firm with a child/dog être ferme avec un enfant/chien;
    ∎ he was polite but firm il a été poli mais ferme
    ∎ to stand firm on sth ne pas céder sur qch;
    ∎ he stands firm on this issue il a une position bien arrêtée sur le sujet
    ∎ to firm the soil tasser le sol
    (muscles, prices) se raffermir
    ➲ firm up
    (make firm → muscles, prices) raffermir;
    ∎ to firm up an agreement régler les derniers détails d'un accord
    (muscles, prices) se raffermir

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > firm

  • 3 твёрдый

    hard
    твёрд|ый -
    1. (нежидкий) solid;
    ~ое тело solid;

    2. (немягкий) hard;
    ~ грунт yard ground;
    ~ое яблоко hard apple;
    ~ая мышца мед. tight muscle;
    ~ как камень hard as a rock, iron-hard;

    3. (стойкий, непоколебимый) steadfast;
    (непреклонный) firm, well-balanced, steady;
    ~ духом человек steadfast person;
    он остался твёрд he remained firm/unshaken;
    ~ая воля strong will;
    ~ характер firm/balanced character;
    ~ая походка resolute/purposeful walk;

    4. (устойчивый, прочный) firm, strong;
    (прочно установившийся) stable, established;
    (установленный) fixed;
    перен. firm;
    ~ая опора firm support;
    ~ая власть stable government;
    ~ порядок established order;
    ~ые цены stable prices;
    ~ график firm time-table;
    ~ое намерение, решение firm intention, decision;
    ~ое убеждение firm conviction;
    ~ое обещание firm promise;

    5. (ясный, отчётливый) sound;
    (сведущий) strong;
    в здравом уме и ~ой памяти of sound mind, sound in mind;
    ~ые знания solid learning/knowledge sg. ;
    он не очень твёрд в математике и т. п. he`s not very strong in mathematics etc. ;
    ~ знак hard sing;
    ~ые согласные звуки лингв. hard consonants;
    стоять ~ой ногой have* a firm footing;
    иметь ~ую почву под ногами be* on firm ground.

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > твёрдый

  • 4 solid

    ['sɒlɪd] 1.
    2) (of one substance) [gold, steel] massiccio
    3) (dense) [crowd, earth] compatto
    4) (unbroken) [line, expanse] continuo

    five solid days five days solid cinque interi giorni; for three solid hours — per tre ore filate

    6) (strong) [structure, basis, argument] solido; [ building] massiccio

    to be on solid ground — fig. avere argomenti concreti

    7) (reliable) [ information] fondato; [ advice] valido; [ investment] sicuro; [ worker] affidabile, serio
    8) (firm) [ grip] fermo
    9) (respectable) [ citizen] modello
    2.
    nome chim. mat. solido m.
    3.
    nome plurale solids (food) cibi m. solidi
    4.
    avverbio [ freeze] completamente; fig. [ vote] in massa
    * * *
    ['solid] 1. adjective
    1) (not easily changing shape; not in the form of liquid or gas: Water becomes solid when it freezes; solid substances.) solido
    2) (not hollow: The tyres of the earliest cars were solid.) pieno
    3) (firm and strongly made (and therefore sound and reliable): That's a solid piece of furniture; His argument is based on good solid facts/reasoning.) solido
    4) (completely made of one substance: This bracelet is made of solid gold; We dug till we reached solid rock.) solido, massiccio
    5) (without breaks, gaps or flaws: The policemen formed themselves into a solid line; They are solid in their determination to strike.) uniforme, unito, unanime
    6) (having height, breadth and width: A cube is a solid figure.) solido
    7) (consecutive; without a pause: I've been working for six solid hours.) ininterrotto, di fila
    2. adverb
    (without interruption; continuously: She was working for six hours solid.) ininterrottamente
    3. noun
    1) (a substance that is solid: Butter is a solid but milk is a liquid.) sostanza solida
    2) (a shape that has length, breadth and height.) solido
    •
    - solidify
    - solidification
    - solidity
    - solidness
    - solidly
    - solid fuel
    * * *
    ['sɒlɪd] 1.
    2) (of one substance) [gold, steel] massiccio
    3) (dense) [crowd, earth] compatto
    4) (unbroken) [line, expanse] continuo

    five solid days five days solid cinque interi giorni; for three solid hours — per tre ore filate

    6) (strong) [structure, basis, argument] solido; [ building] massiccio

    to be on solid ground — fig. avere argomenti concreti

    7) (reliable) [ information] fondato; [ advice] valido; [ investment] sicuro; [ worker] affidabile, serio
    8) (firm) [ grip] fermo
    9) (respectable) [ citizen] modello
    2.
    nome chim. mat. solido m.
    3.
    nome plurale solids (food) cibi m. solidi
    4.
    avverbio [ freeze] completamente; fig. [ vote] in massa

    English-Italian dictionary > solid

  • 5 Pratt, Francis Ashbury

    [br]
    b. 15 February 1827 Woodstock, Vermont, USA
    d. 10 February 1902 Hartford, Connecticut, USA
    [br]
    American mechanical engineer and machine-tool manufacturer.
    [br]
    Francis A.Pratt served an apprenticeship as a machinist with Warren Aldrich, and on completing it in 1848 he entered the Gloucester Machine Works as a journeyman machinist. From 1852 to 1854 he worked at the Colt Armory in Hartford, Connecticut, where he met his future partner, Amos Whitney. He then became Superintendent of the Phoenix Iron Works, also at Hartford and run by George S.Lincoln \& Company. While there he designed the well-known "Lincoln" miller, which was first produced in 1855. This was a development of the milling machine built by Robbins \& Lawrence and designed by F.W. Howe, and incorporated a screw drive for the table instead of the rack and pinion used in the earlier machine.
    Whitney also moved to the Phoenix Iron Works, and in 1860 the two men started in a small way doing machine work on their own account. In 1862 they took a third partner, Monroe Stannard, and enlarged their workshop. The business continued to expand, but Pratt and Whitney remained at the Phoenix Iron Works until 1864 and in the following year they built their first new factory. The Pratt \& Whitney Company was incorporated in 1869 with a capital of $350,000, F.A.Pratt being elected President. The firm specialized in making machine tools and tools particularly for the armament industry. In the 1870s Pratt made no less than ten trips to Europe gaining orders for equipping armouries in many different countries. Pratt \& Whitney was one of the leading firms developing the system of interchangeable manufacture which led to the need to establish national standards of measurement. The Rogers-Bond Comparator, developed with the backing of Pratt \& Whitney, played an important part in the establishment of these standards, which formed the basis of the gauges of many various types made by the firm. Pratt remained President of the company until 1898, after which he served as their Consulting Engineer for a short time before retiring from professional life. He was granted a number of patents relating to machine tools. He was a founder member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1880 and was elected a vice-president in 1881. He was an alderman of the city of Hartford.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Vice-President, American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1881.
    Further Reading
    J.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; reprinted 1926, New York, and 1987, Bradley, 111. (describes the origin and development of the Pratt \& Whitney Company).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Pratt, Francis Ashbury

  • 6 Whitney, Amos

    [br]
    b. 8 October 1832 Biddeford, Maine, USA
    d. 5 August 1920 Poland Springs, Maine, USA
    [br]
    American mechanical engineer and machine-tool manufacturer.
    [br]
    Amos Whitney was a member of the same distinguished family as Eli Whitney. His father was a locksmith and machinist and he was apprenticed at the age of 14 to the Essex Machine Company of Lawrence, Massachusetts. In 1850 both he and his father were working at the Colt Armory in Hartford, Connecticut, where he first met his future partner, F.A. Pratt. They both subsequently moved to the Phoenix Iron Works, also at Hartford, and in 1860 they started in a small way doing machine work on their own account. In 1862 they took a third partner, Monroe Stannard, and enlarged their workshop. The business continued to expand, but Pratt and Whitney remained at the Phoenix Iron Works until 1864 and in the following year they built their first new factory. The Pratt \& Whitney Company was incorporated in 1869 with a capital of $350,000, Amos Whitney being appointed General Superintendent. The firm specialized in making machine tools and tools particularly for the armament industry. Pratt \& Whitney was one of the leading firms developing the system of interchangeable manufacture which led to the need to establish national standards of measurement. The Rogers-Bond Comparator, developed with the backing of Pratt \& Whitney, played an important part in the establishment of these standards, which formed the basis of the gauges of many various types made by the firm.
    Amos Whitney was made Vice-President of Pratt \& Whitney Company in 1893 and was President from 1898 until 1901, when the company was acquired by the Niles- Bement-Pond Company: he then remained as one of the directors. He was elected a Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1913.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; reprinted 1926, New York, and 1987, Bradley, Ill. (describes the origin and development of the Pratt \& Whitney Company).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Whitney, Amos

  • 7 stable

    I 'steibl adjective
    1) (firm and steady or well-balanced: This chair isn't very stable.)
    2) (firmly established and likely to last: a stable government.)
    3) ((of a person or his character) unlikely to become unreasonably upset or hysterical: She's the only stable person in the whole family.)
    4) ((of a substance) not easily decomposed.)
    •
    - stabilize
    - stabilise
    - stabilization
    - stabilisation
    II 'steibl noun
    1) (a building in which horses are kept.)
    2) ((in plural) a horse-keeping establishment: He runs the riding stables.)
    stable1 adj estable
    El comparativo de stable se escribe stabler; el superlativo se escribe stablest
    stable2 n cuadra
    tr['steɪbəl]
    1 (unchanging) estable, constante; (firm) sólido,-a, estable; (secure) fijo,-a, estable, seguro,-a; (person - sane) equilibrado,-a
    2 SMALLCHEMISTRY/SMALL estable
    ————————
    tr['steɪbəl]
    1 (for horses) cuadra, caballeriza; (for other animals) establo
    2 (training establishment for horses) cuadra; (school, theatre, club, etc) escuela
    1 (put in stable) encerrar en una cuadra; (keep in stable) guardar en una cuadra
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to close/lock/shut the stable door after the horse has bolted tomar precauciones cuando ya no hay remedio
    stable boy / stable girl mozo de cuadra / moza de cuadra
    stable ['steɪbəl] vt, - bled ; - bling : poner (ganado) en un establo, poner (caballos) en una caballeriza
    stable adj, - bler ; - blest
    1) fixed, steady: fijo, sólido, estable
    2) lasting: estable, perdurable
    a stable government: un gobierno estable
    3) : estacionario (en medicina), equilibrado (en psicología)
    : establo m (para ganado), caballeriza f o cuadra f (para caballos)
    adj.
    • caballeriza (Agricultura) adj.
    • cuadra adj.
    • estable adj.
    • sólido, -a adj.
    n.
    • caballeriza s.f.
    • caballos de carrera de un particular s.m.pl.
    • cuadra s.f.
    • establo s.m.
    v.
    • poner en una cuadra v.

    I 'steɪbəl
    adjective -bler, -blest
    a) (firm, steady) <structure/platform> estable, sólido; <relationship/government> estable; <economy/currency> estable
    b) ( Psych) equilibrado
    c) (Chem, Phys) estable

    II
    noun (often pl) ( for horses) caballeriza f, cuadra f; ( for other livestock) establo m; (before n)

    stable boy o lad/girl — mozo m/moza f de cuadra; door a)


    III
    transitive verb poner* or guardar en la cuadra

    I
    ['steɪbl]
    ADJ (compar stabler) (superl stablest) [relationship, country, situation, substance] estable; [job] estable, permanente; (Med) [condition] estacionario; [blood pressure, weight] estable, estacionario; (Psych) [person, character] equilibrado
    II ['steɪbl]
    1.
    N (=building) cuadra f, caballeriza f ; (=establishment) cuadra f
    2.
    VT (=keep in stable) guardar en una cuadra; (=put in stable) poner en una cuadra
    3.
    CPD
    - shut or close the stable door after the horse has bolted
    * * *

    I ['steɪbəl]
    adjective -bler, -blest
    a) (firm, steady) <structure/platform> estable, sólido; <relationship/government> estable; <economy/currency> estable
    b) ( Psych) equilibrado
    c) (Chem, Phys) estable

    II
    noun (often pl) ( for horses) caballeriza f, cuadra f; ( for other livestock) establo m; (before n)

    stable boy o lad/girl — mozo m/moza f de cuadra; door a)


    III
    transitive verb poner* or guardar en la cuadra

    English-spanish dictionary > stable

  • 8 Bollée, Ernest-Sylvain

    [br]
    b. 19 July 1814 Clefmont (Haute-Marne), France
    d. 11 September 1891 Le Mans, France
    [br]
    French inventor of the rotor-stator wind engine and founder of the Bollée manufacturing industry.
    [br]
    Ernest-Sylvain Bollée was the founder of an extensive dynasty of bellfounders based in Le Mans and in Orléans. He and his three sons, Amédée (1844–1917), Ernest-Sylvain fils (1846–1917) and Auguste (1847-?), were involved in work and patents on steam-and petrol-driven cars, on wind engines and on hydraulic rams. The presence of the Bollées' car industry in Le Mans was a factor in the establishment of the car races that are held there.
    In 1868 Ernest-Sylvain Bollée père took out a patent for a wind engine, which at that time was well established in America and in England. In both these countries, variable-shuttered as well as fixed-blade wind engines were in production and patented, but the Ernest-Sylvain Bollée patent was for a type of wind engine that had not been seen before and is more akin to the water-driven turbine of the Jonval type, with its basic principle being parallel to the "rotor" and "stator". The wind drives through a fixed ring of blades on to a rotating ring that has a slightly greater number of blades. The blades of the fixed ring are curved in the opposite direction to those on the rotating blades and thus the air is directed onto the latter, causing it to rotate at a considerable speed: this is the "rotor". For greater efficiency a cuff of sheet iron can be attached to the "stator", giving a tunnel effect and driving more air at the "rotor". The head of this wind engine is turned to the wind by means of a wind-driven vane mounted in front of the blades. The wind vane adjusts the wind angle to enable the wind engine to run at a constant speed.
    The fact that this wind engine was invented by the owner of a brass foundry, with all the gear trains between the wind vane and the head of the tower being of the highest-quality brass and, therefore, small in scale, lay behind its success. Also, it was of prefabricated construction, so that fixed lengths of cast-iron pillar were delivered, complete with twelve treads of cast-iron staircase fixed to the outside and wrought-iron stays. The drive from the wind engine was taken down the inside of the pillar to pumps at ground level.
    Whilst the wind engines were being built for wealthy owners or communes, the work of the foundry continued. The three sons joined the family firm as partners and produced several steam-driven vehicles. These vehicles were the work of Amédée père and were l'Obéissante (1873); the Autobus (1880–3), of which some were built in Berlin under licence; the tram Bollée-Dalifol (1876); and the private car La Mancelle (1878). Another important line, in parallel with the pumping mechanism required for the wind engines, was the development of hydraulic rams, following the Montgolfier patent. In accordance with French practice, the firm was split three ways when Ernest-Sylvain Bollée père died. Amédée père inherited the car side of the business, but it is due to Amédée fils (1867– 1926) that the principal developments in car manufacture came into being. He developed the petrol-driven car after the impetus given by his grandfather, his father and his uncle Ernest-Sylvain fils. In 1887 he designed a four-stroke single-cylinder engine, although he also used engines designed by others such as Peugeot. He produced two luxurious saloon cars before putting Torpilleur on the road in 1898; this car competed in the Tour de France in 1899. Whilst designing other cars, Amédée's son Léon (1870–1913) developed the Voiturette, in 1896, and then began general manufacture of small cars on factory lines. The firm ceased work after a merger with the English firm of Morris in 1926. Auguste inherited the Eolienne or wind-engine side of the business; however, attracted to the artistic life, he sold out to Ernest Lebert in 1898 and settled in the Paris of the Impressionists. Lebert developed the wind-engine business and retained the basic "stator-rotor" form with a conventional lattice tower. He remained in Le Mans, carrying on the business of the manufacture of wind engines, pumps and hydraulic machinery, describing himself as a "Civil Engineer".
    The hydraulic-ram business fell to Ernest-Sylvain fils and continued to thrive from a solid base of design and production. The foundry in Le Mans is still there but, more importantly, the bell foundry of Dominique Bollée in Saint-Jean-de-Braye in Orléans is still at work casting bells in the old way.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    André Gaucheron and J.Kenneth Major, 1985, The Eolienne Bollée, The International Molinological Society.
    Cénomane (Le Mans), 11, 12 and 13 (1983 and 1984).
    KM

    Biographical history of technology > Bollée, Ernest-Sylvain

  • 9 Riefler, Sigmund

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    b. 9 August 1847 Maria Rain, Germany
    d. 21 October 1912 Munich, Germany
    [br]
    German engineer who invented the precision clock that bears his name.
    [br]
    Riefler's father was a scientific-instrument maker and clockmaker who in 1841 had founded the firm of Clemens Riefler to make mathematical instruments. After graduating in engineering from the University of Munich Sigmund worked as a surveyor, but when his father died in 1876 he and his brothers ran the family firm. Sigmund was responsible for technical development and in this capacity he designed a new system of drawing-instruments which established the reputation of the firm. He also worked to improve the performance of the precision clock, and in 1889 he was granted a patent for a new form of escapement. This escapement succeeded in reducing the interference of the clock mechanism with the free swinging of the pendulum by impulsing the pendulum through its suspension strip. It proved to be the greatest advance in precision timekeeping since the introduction of the dead-beat escapement about two hundred years earlier. When the firm of Clemens Riefler began to produce clocks with this escapement in 1890, they replaced clocks with Graham's dead-beat escapement as the standard regulator for use in observatories and other applications where the highest precision was required. In 1901 a movement was fitted with electrical rewind and was encapsulated in an airtight case, at low pressure, so that the timekeeping was not affected by changes in barometric pressure. This became the standard practice for precision clocks. Although the accuracy of the Riefler clock was later surpassed by the Shortt free-pendulum clock and the quartz clock, it remained in production until 1965, by which time over six hundred instruments had been made.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Franklin Institute John Scott Medal 1894. Honorary doctorate, University of Munich 1897. Vereins zur Förderung des Gewerbefleisses in Preussen Gold Medal 1900.
    Bibliography
    1907, Präzisionspendeluhren und Zeitdienstanlagen fürSternwarten, Munich (for a complete bibliography see D.Riefler below).
    Further Reading
    D.Riefler, 1981, Riefler-Präzisionspendeluhren, Munich (the definitive work on Riefler and his clock).
    A.L.Rawlings, 1948, The Science of Clocks and Watches, 2nd edn; repub. 1974 (a technical assessment of the Riefler escapement in its historical context).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Riefler, Sigmund

  • 10 Herbert, Edward Geisler

    [br]
    b. 23 March 1869 Dedham, near Colchester, Essex, England
    d. 9 February 1938 West Didsbury, Manchester, England
    [br]
    English engineer, inventor of the Rapidor saw and the Pendulum Hardness Tester, and pioneer of cutting tool research.
    [br]
    Edward Geisler Herbert was educated at Nottingham High School in 1876–87, and at University College, London, in 1887–90, graduating with a BSc in Physics in 1889 and remaining for a further year to take an engineering course. He began his career as a premium apprentice at the Nottingham works of Messrs James Hill \& Co, manufacturers of lace machinery. In 1892 he became a partner with Charles Richardson in the firm of Richardson \& Herbert, electrical engineers in Manchester, and when this partnership was dissolved in 1895 he carried on the business in his own name and began to produce machine tools. He remained as Managing Director of this firm, reconstituted in 1902 as a limited liability company styled Edward G.Herbert Ltd, until his retirement in 1928. He was joined by Charles Fletcher (1868–1930), who as joint Managing Director contributed greatly to the commercial success of the firm, which specialized in the manufacture of small machine tools and testing machinery.
    Around 1900 Herbert had discovered that hacksaw machines cut very much quicker when only a few teeth are in operation, and in 1902 he patented a machine which utilized this concept by automatically changing the angle of incidence of the blade as cutting proceeded. These saws were commercially successful, but by 1912, when his original patents were approaching expiry, Herbert and Fletcher began to develop improved methods of applying the rapid-saw concept. From this work the well-known Rapidor and Manchester saws emerged soon after the First World War. A file-testing machine invented by Herbert before the war made an autographic record of the life and performance of the file and brought him into close contact with the file and tool steel manufacturers of Sheffield. A tool-steel testing machine, working like a lathe, was introduced when high-speed steel had just come into general use, and Herbert became a prominent member of the Cutting Tools Research Committee of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1919, carrying out many investigations for that body and compiling four of its Reports published between 1927 and 1933. He was the first to conceive the idea of the "tool-work" thermocouple which allowed cutting tool temperatures to be accurately measured. For this advance he was awarded the Thomas Hawksley Gold Medal of the Institution in 1926.
    His best-known invention was the Pendulum Hardness Tester, introduced in 1923. This used a spherical indentor, which was rolled over, rather than being pushed into, the surface being examined, by a small, heavy, inverted pendulum. The period of oscillation of this pendulum provided a sensitive measurement of the specimen's hardness. Following this work Herbert introduced his "Cloudburst" surface hardening process, in which hardened steel engineering components were bombarded by steel balls moving at random in all directions at very high velocities like gaseous molecules. This treatment superhardened the surface of the components, improved their resistance to abrasion, and revealed any surface defects. After bombardment the hardness of the superficially hardened layers increased slowly and spontaneously by a room-temperature ageing process. After his retirement in 1928 Herbert devoted himself to a detailed study of the influence of intense magnetic fields on the hardening of steels.
    Herbert was a member of several learned societies, including the Manchester Association of Engineers, the Institute of Metals, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. He retained a seat on the Board of his company from his retirement until the end of his life.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Manchester Association of Engineers Butterworth Gold Medal 1923. Institution of Mechanical Engineers Thomas Hawksley Gold Medal 1926.
    Bibliography
    E.G.Herbert obtained several British and American patents and was the author of many papers, which are listed in T.M.Herbert (ed.), 1939, "The inventions of Edward Geisler Herbert: an autobiographical note", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 141: 59–67.
    ASD / RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Herbert, Edward Geisler

  • 11 Howe, Frederick Webster

    [br]
    b. 28 August 1822 Danvers, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 25 April 1891 Providence, Rhode Island, USA
    [br]
    American mechanical engineer, machine-tool designer and inventor.
    [br]
    Frederick W.Howe attended local schools until the age of 16 and then entered the machine shop of Gay \& Silver at North Chelmsford, Massachusetts, as an apprentice and remained with that firm for nine years. He then joined Robbins, Kendall \& Lawrence of Windsor, Vermont, as Assistant to Richard S. Lawrence in designing machine tools. A year later (1848) he was made Plant Superintendent. During his time with this firm, Howe designed a profiling machine which was used in all gun shops in the United States: a barrel-drilling and rifling machine, and the first commercially successful milling machine. Robbins \& Lawrence took to the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London, England, a set of rifles built on the interchangeable system. The interest this created resulted in a visit of some members of the British Royal Small Arms Commission to America and subsequently in an order for 150 machine tools, jigs and fixtures from Robbins \& Lawrence, to be installed at the small-arms factory at Enfield. From 1853 to 1856 Howe was in charge of the design and building of these machines. In 1856 he established his own armoury at Newark, New Jersey, but transferred after two years to Middletown, Connecticut, where he continued the manufacture of small arms until the outbreak of the Civil War. He then became Superintendent of the armoury of the Providence Tool Company at Providence, Rhode Island, and served in that capacity until the end of the war. In 1865 he went to Bridgeport, Connecticut, to assist Elias Howe with the manufacture of his sewing machine. After the death of Elias Howe, Frederick Howe returned to Providence to join the Brown \& Sharpe Manufacturing Company. As Superintendent of that establishment he worked with Joseph R. Brown in the development of many of the firm's products, including machinery for the Wilcox \& Gibbs sewing machine then being made by Brown \& Sharpe. From 1876 Howe was in business on his own account as a consulting mechanical engineer and in his later years he was engaged in the development of shoe machinery and in designing a one-finger typewriter, which, however, was never completed. He was granted several patents, mainly in the fields of machine tools and firearms. As a designer, Howe was said to have been a perfectionist, making frequent improvements; when completed, his designs were always sound.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; repub. 1926, New York, and 1987, Bradley, 111. (provides biographical details).
    R.S.Woodbury, 1960, History of the Milling Machine, Cambridge, Mass, (describes Howe's contribution to the development of the milling machine).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Howe, Frederick Webster

  • 12 Moulton, Alexander

    [br]
    b. 9 April 1920 Stratford-on-Avon
    [br]
    English inventor of vehicle suspension systems and the Moulton bicycle.
    [br]
    He spent his childhood at The Hall in Bradfordon-Avon. He was educated at Marlborough College, and in 1937 was apprenticed to the Sentinel Steam Wagon Company of Shrewsbury. About that same time he went to King's College, Cambridge, where he took the Mechanical Sciences Tripos. It was then wartime, and he did research on aero-engines at the Bristol Aeroplane Company, where he became Personal Assistant to Sir Roy Fedden. He left Bristol's in 1945 to join his family firm, Spencer \& Moulton, of which he eventually became Technical Director and built up the Research Department. In 1948 he invented his first suspension unit, the "Flexitor", in which an inner shaft and an outer shell were separated by an annular rubber body which was bonded to both.
    In 1848 his great-grandfather had founded the family firm in an old woollen mill, to manufacture vulcanized rubber products under Charles Goodyear's patent. The firm remained a family business with Spencer's, consultants in railway engineering, until 1956 when it was sold to the Avon Rubber Company. He then formed Moulton Developments to continue his work on vehicle suspensions in the stables attached to The Hall. Sponsored by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and the Dunlop Rubber Company, he invented a rubber cone spring in 1951 which was later used in the BMC Mini (see Issigonis, Sir Alexander Arnold Constantine): by 1994 over 4 million Minis had been fitted with these springs, made by Dunlop. In 1954 he patented the Hydrolastic suspension system, in which all four wheels were independently sprung with combined rubber springs and damper assembly, the weight being supported by fluid under pressure, and the wheels on each side being interconnected, front to rear. In 1962 he formed Moulton Bicycles Ltd, having designed an improved bicycle system for adult use. The conventional bicycle frame was replaced by a flat-sided oval steel tube F-frame on a novel rubber front and rear suspension, with the wheel size reduced to 41 cm (16 in.) with high-pressure tyres. Raleigh Industries Ltd having refused his offer to produce the Moulton Bicycle under licence, he set up his own factory on his estate, producing 25,000 bicycles between 1963 and 1966. In 1967 he sold out to Raleigh and set up as Bicycle Consultants Ltd while continuing the suspension development of Moulton Developments Ltd. In the 1970s the combined firms employed some forty staff, nearly 50 per cent of whom were graduates.
    He won the Queen's Award for Industry in 1967 for technical innovation in Hydrolastic car suspension and the Moulton Bicycle. Since that time he has continued his innovative work on suspensions and the bicycle. In 1983 he introduced the AM bicycle series of very sophisticated space-frame design with suspension and 43 cm (17 in.) wheels; this machine holds the world speed record fully formed at 82 km/h (51 mph). The current Rover 100 and MGF use his Hydragas interconnected suspension. By 1994 over 7 million cars had been fitted with Moulton suspensions. He has won many design awards and prizes, and has been awarded three honorary doctorates of engineering. He is active in engineering and design education.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Queen's Award for Industry 1967; CBE; RDI. Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.
    Further Reading
    P.R.Whitfield, 1975, Creativity in Industry, London: Penguin Books.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Moulton, Alexander

  • 13 Nasmyth, James Hall

    [br]
    b. 19 August 1808 Edinburgh, Scotland
    d. 7 May 1890 London, England
    [br]
    Scottish mechanical engineer and inventor of the steam-hammer.
    [br]
    James Nasmyth was the youngest son of Alexander Nasmyth (1758–1840), the portrait and landscape painter. According to his autobiography he was named James Hall after his father's friend, the geologist Sir James Hall (1761–1832), but he seems never to have used his second name in official documents. He received an elementary education at Edinburgh High School, but left at the age of 12. He attended evening classes at the Edinburgh School of Arts for the instruction of Mechanics between 1821 and 1825, and gained experience as a mechanic at an early age in his father's workshop. He shared these early experiences with his brother George, who was only a year or so older, and in the 1820s the brothers built several model steam engines and a steam-carriage capable of carrying eight passengers on the public roads. In 1829 Nasmyth obtained a position in London as personal assistant to Henry Maudslay, and after Maudslay's death in February 1831 he remained with Maudslay's partner, Joshua Field, for a short time. He then returned to Edinburgh, where he and his brother George started in a small way as general engineers. In 1834 they moved to a small workshop in Manchester, and in 1836, with the aid of financial backing from some Manchester businessmen, they established on a site at Patricroft, a few miles from the city, the works which became known as the Bridgewater Foundry. They were soon joined by a third partner, Holbrook Gaskell (1813–1909), who looked after the administration of the business, the firm then being known as Nasmyths Gaskell \& Co. They specialized in making machine tools, and Nasmyth invented many improvements so that they soon became one of the leading manufacturers in this field. They also made steam locomotives for the rapidly developing railways. James Nasmyth's best-known invention was the steam-hammer, which dates from 1839 but was not patented until 1842. The self-acting control gear was probably the work of Robert Wilson and ensured the commercial success of the invention. George Nasmyth resigned from the partnership in 1843 and in 1850 Gaskell also resigned, after which the firm continued as James Nasmyth \& Co. James Nasmyth himself retired at the end of 1856 and went to live at Penshurst, Kent, in a house which he named "Hammerfield" where he devoted his time mainly to his hobby of astronomy. Robert Wilson returned to become Managing Partner of the firm, which later became Nasmyth, Wilson \& Co. and retained that style until its closure in 1940. Nasmyth's claim to be the sole inventor of the steam-hammer has been disputed, but his patent of 1842 was not challenged and the fourteen-year monopoly ensured the prosperity of the business so that he was able to retire at the age of 48. At his death in 1890 he left an estate valued at £243,805.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1874, with J.Carpenter, The Moon Considered as a Planet, a World, and a Satellite, London.
    1883, Autobiography, ed. Samuel Smiles, London.
    Further Reading
    R.Wailes, 1963, "James Nasmyth—Artist's Son", Engineering Heritage, vol. I, London, 106–11 (a short account).
    J.A.Cantrell, 1984, James Nasmyth and the Bridgewater Foundry: A Study of Entrepreneurship in the Early Engineering Industry, Manchester (a full-length critical study).
    ——1984–5, "James Nasmyth and the steam hammer", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 56:133–8.
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Nasmyth, James Hall

  • 14 unmoved

    1. a нетронутый, непередвинутый
    2. a неподвижный
    3. a нерастроганный; равнодушный, безразличный
    4. a непреклонный

    he remained unmoved by all entreaties — он был неумолим, несмотря на все просьбы

    Синонимический ряд:
    1. firm (adj.) decided; determined; firm; immovable; motionless; quiescent; solid; stanch; unshaken
    2. unaffected (adj.) collected; impassible; indifferent; nerveless; resolute; steadfast; unaffected; unemotional
    3. untouched (adj.) uncaring; uncharitable; unpitying; unstirred; unsympathetic; untouched

    English-Russian base dictionary > unmoved

  • 15 Baumann, Karl

    [br]
    b. 18 April 1884 Switzerland
    d. 14 July 1971 Ilkley, Yorkshire
    [br]
    Swiss/British mechanical engineer, designer and developer of steam and gas turbine plant.
    [br]
    After leaving school in 1902, he went to the Ecole Polytechnique, Zurich, leaving in 1906 with an engineering diploma. He then spent a year with Professor A.Stodola, working on steam engines, turbines and internal combustion engines. He also conducted research in the strength of materials. After this, he spent two years as Research and Design Engineer at the Nuremberg works of Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg. He came to England in 1909 to join the British Westinghouse Co. Ltd in Manchester, and by 1912 was Chief Engineer of the Engine Department of that firm. The firm later became the Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Co. Ltd (MV), and Baumann rose from Chief Mechanical Engineer through to, by 1929, Special Director and Member of the Executive Management Board; he remained a director until his retirement in 1949.
    For much of his career, Baumann was in the forefront of power station steam-cycle development, pioneering increased turbine entry pressures and temperatures, in 1916 introducing multi-stage regenerative feed-water heating and the Baumann turbine multi-exhaust. His 105 MW set for Battersea "A" station (1933) was for many years the largest single-axis unit in Europe. From 1938 on, he and his team were responsible for the first axial-flow aircraft propulsion gas turbines to fly in England, and jet engines in the 1990s owe much to the "Beryl" and "Sapphire" engines produced by MV. In particular, the design of the compressor for the Sapphire engine later became the basis for Rolls-Royce units, after an exchange of information between that company and Armstrong-Siddeley, who had previously taken over the aircraft engine work of MV.Further, the Beryl engine formed the basis of "Gatric", the first marine gas turbine propulsion engine.
    Baumann was elected to full membership for the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1929 and a year later was awarded the Thomas Hawksley Gold Medal by that body, followed by their James Clayton Prize in 1948: in the same year he became the thirty-fifth Thomas Hawksley lecturer. Many of his ideas and introductions have stood the test of time, being based on his deep and wide understanding of fundamentals.
    JB

    Biographical history of technology > Baumann, Karl

  • 16 Benton, Linn Boyd

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 13 May 1844 Little Falls, New York, USA
    d. 15 July 1932 Plainfield, New Jersey, USA
    [br]
    American typefounder, cutter and designer, inventor of the automatic punch-cutting machine.
    [br]
    Benton spent his childhood in Milwaukee and La Crosse, where he early showed a talent for mechanical invention. His father was a lawyer with an interest in newspapers and who acquired the Milwaukee Daily News. Benton became familiar with typesetting equipment in his father's newspaper office. He learned the printer's trade at another newspaper office, at La Crosse, and later worked as bookkeeper at a type foundry in Milwaukee. When that failed in 1873, Benton acquired the plant, and when he was joined by R.V.Waldo the firm became Benton, Waldo \& Co. Benton began learning and improving type-cutting practice. He first devised unit-width or "self-spacing" type which became popular with compositors, saving, it was reckoned, 20 per cent of their time. Meanwhile, Benton worked on a punch-cutting machine to speed up the process of cutting letters in the steel punches from which matrices or moulds were formed to enable type to be cast from molten metal. His first mechanical punch-cutter worked successfully in 1884. The third machine, patented in 1885, was the model that revolutionized the typefounding operation. So far, punch-cutting had been done by hand, a rare and expensive skill that was insufficient to meet the demands of the new typesetting machines, the monotype of Lanston and the linotype of Merganthaler. These were threatened with failure until Benton saved the day with his automatic punch-cutter. Mechanizing punch-cutting and the forming of matrices made possible the typesetting revolution brought about by mono-and linotype.
    In 1892 Benton's firm merged with others to form the American Type Founders Company. Benton's equipment was moved to New York and he with it, to become a board member and Chief Technical Advisor. In 1894 he became Manager of the company's new plant for type manufacture in Jersey City. Benton steadily improved both machinery and processes, for which he was granted twenty patents. With his son Morris Fuller, he was also notable and prolific in the field of type design. Benton remained in active association with his company until just two weeks before his death.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1932, Inland Printer (August): 53–4.
    P.Cost, 1985, "The contributions of Lyn [sic] Boyd Benton and Morris Fuller Benton to the technology of typesetting and the art of typeface design", unpublished MSc thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology (the most thorough treatment).
    H.L.Bullen, 1922, Inland Printer (October) (describes Benton's life and work).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Benton, Linn Boyd

  • 17 Chubb, Charles

    [br]
    b. 1779 Fordingbridge, Hampshire, England
    d. 16 May 1845 Islington, London, England.
    [br]
    English locksmith.
    [br]
    Both Charles Chubb and his younger brother Jeremiah served as apprentices to a blacksmith. The brothers were in business together in Daniel Street, Portsea, Hampshire, from 1804 until 1820, when Charles moved to London to establish the firm of Chubb \& Son. In 1818, Jeremiah Chubb had patented a detector lock; this invention proved to be the foundation of the later success of the firm of Chubb \& Son. Charles Chubb made improvements on this lock, for which he took out patents in 1824, 1828 and 1833. He also took out several patents for fireproof and burglarproof safes.
    In the Portsea factory, at first there were only two or three employees engaged in lockmaking, but when Charles Chubb moved to London another twelve were taken on and thus things remained until 1830, when a factory was opened in Wolverhampton with up to two hundred employees. The manufacture of fireproof and burglarproof safes was carried out at a separate factory in London, which had up to one hundred and fifty employees. The two factories supplied nearly 1,500,000 patent locks and about 30,000 safes and strongrooms, costing between £8 and £5,000, the latter being the largest-ever safe supplied to a bank at that time.
    See also: Chubb, John
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Chubb, Charles

  • 18 Cotton, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1819 Seagrave, Leicestershire, England
    d. after 1878
    [br]
    English inventor of a power-driven flat-bed knitting machine.
    [br]
    Cotton was originally employed in Loughborough and became one of the first specialized hosiery-machine builders. After the introduction of the latch needle by Matthew Townsend in 1856, knitting frames developed rapidly. The circular frame was easier to work automatically, but attempts to apply power to the flat frame, which could produce fully fashioned work, culminated in 1863 with William Cotton's machine. In that year he invented a machine that could make a dozen or more stockings or hose simultaneously and knit fashioned garments of all kinds. The difficulty was to reduce automatically the number of stitches in the courses where the hose or garment narrowed to give it shape. Cotton had early opportunities to apply himself to the improvement of hosiery machines while employed in the patent shop of Cartwright \& Warner of Loughborough, where some of the first rotaries were made. He remained with the firm for twenty years, during which time sixty or seventy of these machines were turned out. Cotton then established a factory for the manufacture of warp fabrics, and it was here that he began to work on his ideas. He had no knowledge of the principles of engineering or drawing, so his method of making sketches and then getting his ideas roughed out involved much useless labour. After twelve years, in 1863, a patent was issued for the machine that became the basis of the Cotton's Patent type. This was a flat frame driven by rotary mechanism and remarkable for its adaptability. At first he built his machine upright, like a cottage piano, but after much thought and experimentation he conceived the idea of turning the upper part down flat so that the needles were in a vertical position instead of being horizontal, and the work was carried off horizontally instead of vertically. His first machine produced four identical pieces simultaneously, but this number was soon increased. Cotton was induced by the success of his invention to begin machine building as a separate business and thus established one of the first of a class of engineering firms that sprung up as an adjunct to the new hosiery manufacture. He employed only a dozen men and turned out six machines in the first year, entering into an agreement with Hine \& Mundella for their exclusive use. This was later extended to the firm of I. \& R.Morley. In 1878, Cotton began to build on his own account, and the business steadily increased until it employed some 200 workers and had an output of 100 machines a year.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1863, British patent no. 1,901 (flat-frame knitting machine).
    Further Reading
    F.A.Wells, 1935, The British Hosiery and Knitwear Industry: Its History and Organisation, London (based on an article in the Knitters' Circular (Feb. 1898).
    A brief account of the background to Cotton's invention can be found in T.K.Derry and T.I. Williams, 1960, A Short History of Technology from the Earliest Times to AD 1900, Oxford; C. Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. V, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    F.Moy Thomas, 1900, I. \& R.Morley. A Record of a Hundred Years, London (mentions cotton's first machines).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Cotton, William

  • 19 Ellington, Edward Bayzard

    [br]
    b. 2 August 1845 London, England
    d. 10 November 1914 London, England
    [br]
    English hydraulic engineer who developed a direct-acting hydraulic lift.
    [br]
    Ellington was educated at Denmark Hill Grammar School, London, after which he became articled to John Penn of Greenwich. He stayed there until 1868, working latterly in the drawing office after a period of erecting plant and attending trials on board ship. For some twelve months he superintended the erection of Glengall Wharf, Old Kent Road, and the machinery used therein.
    In 1869 he went into partnership with Bryan Johnson of Chester, the company being known as Johnson \& Ellington, manufacturing mining and milling machinery. Under Ellington's influence, the firm specialized in the manufacture of hydraulic machinery. In 1874 the company acquired the right to manufacture the Brotherhood three-cylinder hydraulic engine; the company became the Hydraulic Engineering Company Ltd of Chester. Ellington developed a direct-acting hydraulic lift with a special balance arrangement that was smooth-acting and economical in water. He described the lift in a paper that was read to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) in 1882.
    Soon after Ellington joined the Chester firm, an Act of Parliament was passed, mainly due to his efforts, for the distribution of water under high pressure for the working of passenger and goods lifts and other hydraulic machinery in large towns. In 1872 he initiated the first hydraulic mains company at Hull, thus proving the practicability of the system of a high-pressure water-mains supply. Ellington remained as engineer to the Hull company until he was appointed a director in 1875. He was general manager and engineer of the General Hydraulic Power Company, which operated in London and had subsidiaries in Liverpool (opened in 1889), Manchester (1894) and Glasgow (1895). He maintained an interest in all these companies, as general manager and engineer, until his death.
    In 1895 he read another paper, "On hydraulic power in towns", to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. In 1911 he became President of the IMechE; his Presidential Address was on the education of young engineers. In 1913 he delivered the Thomas Hawksley Lecture on "Water as a mechanical agent". He was Chairman of the Building Committee during the extension of the Institution's headquarters. Ellington was also a Member of Council of the Institution of Civil Engineers, a member of the Société des Ingé-nieurs Civils de France and a Governor of Imperial College of Science and Technology.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1875; Member of Council 1898– 1903; President 1911–12.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Ellington, Edward Bayzard

  • 20 Langen, Eugen

    [br]
    b. 1839 Germany
    d. 1895 Germany
    [br]
    German engineer and businessmen.
    [br]
    A sound engineering training combined with an inherited business sense were credentials that Langen put to good use in his association with internal-combustion engines. The sight of a working engine built by N.A. Otto in 1864 convinced Langen that this was a means to provide power in industry. Shortly afterwards, assisted by members of his family, he formed the company N.A.Otto and Cie, Cologne, the world's first engine factory. At the Paris Exhibition of 1867, the new Otto-Langen Atmospheric Gas Engine was awarded a Gold Medal, and in 1870 Crossley Bros of Manchester was appointed sole agent and manufacturer in Britain. Under Langen's guidance, the firm grew, and in 1872 it was renamed Die Gasmotoren Fabrik, employing Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach. Apart from running the business, Langen often played peacemaker when differences arose between Daimler and Otto. The success of the firm, known today as Klockner-Humboldt-Deutz, owed much to Langen's business and technical skills. Langen was a strong supporter of Otto's constant efforts to produce a better engine, and his confidence was justified by the appearance, in 1876, of Otto's four-stroke engine. The two men remained close friends until Otto's death in 1892.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Friederick Sass, 1962, Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaues von 1860 bis 1918, Berlin: Springen Verlag (a detailed account).
    Gustav Goldbeck, 1964, Kraft für die Welt: 100 Jahre Klockner-Humboldt-Deutz AG, Dusseldorf (an account of the history and development of Klockner Humboldt).
    KAB

    Biographical history of technology > Langen, Eugen

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